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Science and Technology/Engineering | Grade : 8
Discipline - Physical Science
Core Idea - Matter and Its Interactions
[8.PS.1.4] - Develop a model that describes and predicts changes in particle motion, relative spatial arrangement, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed. Clarification Statements: Emphasis is on qualitative molecular-level models of solids, liquids, and gases to show that adding or removing thermal energy increases or decreases kinetic energy of the particles until a change of state occurs. Examples of models could include drawings and diagrams. Examples of pure substances could include water, carbon dioxide, and helium.
[RCA-ST.6-8.7] -
Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).
[SLCA.6-8.5] -
Integrate multimedia components and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence and to add interest.
[7.SP.A.2] -
Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest. Generate multiple samples (or simulated samples) of the same size to gauge the variation in estimates or predictions. For example, estimate the mean word length in a book by randomly sampling words from the book; predict the winner of a school election based on randomly sampled survey data. Gauge how far off the estimate or prediction might be.
[5.PS.1.1] -
Use a particle model of matter to explain common phenomena involving gases, and phase changes between gas and liquid and between liquid and solid. Clarification Statement: Examples of common phenomena the model should be able to describe include adding air to expand a balloon, compressing air in a syringe, and evaporating water from a salt water solution. State Assessment Boundary: Atomic-scale mechanisms of evaporation and condensation or defining unseen particles are not expected in state assessment.
[6.PS.1.7] -
Use a particulate model of matter to explain that density is the amount of matter (mass) in a given volume. Apply proportional reasoning to describe, calculate, and compare relative densities of different materials.
[HS.CHEM.1.5] -
Construct an explanation based on kinetic molecular theory for why varying conditions influence the rate of a chemical reaction or a dissolving process. Design and test ways to slow down or accelerate rates of processes (chemical reactions or dissolving) by altering various conditions.*
Clarification Statements: Explanations should be based on three variables in collision theory: (a) quantity of collisions per unit time, (b) molecular orientation on collision, and (c) energy input needed to induce atomic rearrangements. Conditions that affect these three variables include temperature, pressure, concentrations of reactants, agitation, particle size, surface area, and addition of a catalyst. State Assessment Boundary: State assessment will be limited to simple reactions in which there are only two reactants and to specifying the change in only one variable at a time.
[HS.CHEM.2.8] -
Use kinetic molecular theory to compare the strengths of electrostatic forces and the prevalence of interactions that occur between molecules in solids, liquids, and gases. Use the combined gas law to determine changes in pressure, volume, and temperature in gases.