Science and Technology/Engineering | Grade : High School
Discipline - Chemistry
Core Idea - Matter and Its Interactions
[HS.CHEM.1.7] - Use mathematical representations and provide experimental evidence to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction. Use the mole concept and proportional relationships to evaluate the quantities (masses or moles) of specific reactants needed in order to obtain a specific amount of product. Clarification Statements: Mathematical representations include balanced chemical equations that represent the laws of conservation of mass and constant composition (definite proportions), mass-to-mass stoichiometry, and calculations of percent yield. Evaluations may involve mass-to-mass stoichiometry and atom economy comparisons, but only for single-step reactions that do not involve complexes.
[RCA-ST.9-10.7] -
Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words.
[AI.N-Q.A.1] -
Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays.*
[AI.N-Q.A.2] -
Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.*
[AI.N-Q.A.3] -
Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.*
[AII.A-CED.A.2] -
Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.*
[HS.CHEM.1.2] -
Use the periodic table model to predict and design simple reactions that result in two main classes of binary compounds, ionic and molecular. Develop an explanation based on given observational data and the electronegativity model about the relative strengths of ionic or covalent bonds.
Clarification Statements: Simple reactions include synthesis (combination), decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, and combustion. Predictions of reactants and products can be represented using Lewis dot structures, chemical formulas, or physical models. Observational data include that binary ionic substances (i.e., substances that have ionic bonds), when pure, are crystalline salts at room temperature (common examples include NaCl, KI, Fe2O3); and substances that are liquids and gases at room temperature are usually made of molecules that have covalent bonds (common examples include CO2, N2, CH4, H2O, C8H18).
[HS.CHEM.1.5] -
Construct an explanation based on kinetic molecular theory for why varying conditions influence the rate of a chemical reaction or a dissolving process. Design and test ways to slow down or accelerate rates of processes (chemical reactions or dissolving) by altering various conditions.*
Clarification Statements: Explanations should be based on three variables in collision theory: (a) quantity of collisions per unit time, (b) molecular orientation on collision, and (c) energy input needed to induce atomic rearrangements. Conditions that affect these three variables include temperature, pressure, concentrations of reactants, agitation, particle size, surface area, and addition of a catalyst. State Assessment Boundary: State assessment will be limited to simple reactions in which there are only two reactants and to specifying the change in only one variable at a time.